Addressing the digital divide necessitates a comprehensive examination of telecom infrastructures. Robust networks serve as the backbone for equitable access to information and communication technologies (ICTs). Developing broadband infrastructure, particularly in underserved areas, is crucial for bridging this gap. Moreover, ensuring affordability

The landscape of telecommunications is in a constant evolution, driven by the ever-growing demand for faster, more reliable connectivity. Next-generation networks (NGNs) are at the forefront of this movement, promising to deliver unprecedented throughput and innovative solutions. From wireless technologies to software-defined networking, NGNs are p